GENERAL HISTOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Robson staging of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is simple but has largely been replaced by the TNM system (see renal cell cancer staging article). Robson staging revolves around the relationship to Gerota’s fascia, involvement of renal vein and regional nodes.

Detailed explanation-2: -Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common neoplasm developing in horseshoe kidneys [1–4].

Detailed explanation-3: -In RCC, TNM staging includes multiple important anatomic prognostic factors like tumor size, extension into veins or perinephric tissues, invasion into ipsilateral adrenal gland, or Gerota’s fascia (T), metastasis to regional lymph nodes (N) or distant sites (M) (1).

Detailed explanation-4: -On contrast-enhanced CT scans, RCC is usually solid, and decreased attenuation suggestive of necrosis is often present. Sometimes, RCC is a predominantly cystic mass, with thick septa and wall nodularity. RCC may also appear as a completely solid and highly enhancing mass.