AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In biology, a dominance hierarchy (formerly and colloquially called a pecking order) is a type of social hierarchy that arises when members of animal social groups interact, creating a ranking system. A dominant higher-ranking individual is sometimes called an alpha, and the submissive lower-ranking individual a beta.

Detailed explanation-2: -Social groups are commonly structured as a dominance hierarchy based on a ranking system whereby higher-ranked individuals have better access to valuable resources such as food and mates but they also tend to assume greater responsibilities in providing leadership and maintaining order.

Detailed explanation-3: -Because dominance rankings were not comparable between the three dominance hierarchy categories-static transitive, static despotic, and dynamic-we also calculated a David’s Score (DS) as an alternative metric for characterizing dominance rank36.

Detailed explanation-4: -A dominance hierarchy describes situations in which animals are physically or chemically dominant over other animals in their social group.

Detailed explanation-5: -To begin, hierarchy refers to the ranking of members in social groups based on the power, influence, or dominance they exhibit, whereby some members are superior or subordinate to others (Fiske, 2010; Magee & Galinsky, 2008; Mazur, 1985; Zitek & Tiedens, 2012).