AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed from one molecule to another, and energy released in these electron transfers is used to form an electrochemical gradient. In chemiosmosis, the energy stored in the gradient is used to make ATP.

Detailed explanation-2: -ATP Production Finally, 26 or 28 ATP are produced in the electron transport chain through oxidative phosphorylation, depending on whether NADH or FADH2 is used as the electron carrier.

Detailed explanation-3: -During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons derived from NADH and FADH2 combine with O2, and the energy released from these oxidation/ reduction reactions is used to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP.

Detailed explanation-4: -Chemiosmosis is the mechanism used by oxidative phosphorylation to directly make ATP. However, ATP synthase will not be able to do so without the proton motive force that results from the ETC that moves protons (H+) to the other side of the membrane as the electrons are passed along the chain.