AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Prophages can be activated into viral replication and enter the lytic cycle. Viral spikes are inserted into the host cell membrane before budding or exocytosis. viruses are obligate intracellular parasites so the drugs must enter the host cell and often cause toxic side effects in order to destroy the virus.

Detailed explanation-2: -Temperate prophages often express “lysogenic conversion” genes that give the host cell some advantage, and in response to environmental signals many prophages can undergo “induction” to enter the lytic cycle to produce progeny and kill the host cell.

Detailed explanation-3: -Prophages and their hosts coexist and coevolve in intestinal environments (Cornuault et al., 2020). While most prophages are highly stable, prophages can be specifically activated, leading to the excision of DNA and release of active phages (Oh et al., 2019).

Detailed explanation-4: -The lytic cycle of both EBV and KSHV can be activated by sodium butyrate (NaB), a histone deacetylase inhibitor whose activity in disrupting latency was also discovered by G. Klein and coworkers. Activation of EBV by NaB requires protein synthesis; activation of KSHV is independent of protein synthesis.

Detailed explanation-5: -In the lytic cycle, the phage replicates and lyses the host cell. In the lysogenic cycle, phage DNA is incorporated into the host genome, where it is passed on to subsequent generations. Environmental stressors such as starvation or exposure to toxic chemicals may cause the prophage to excise and enter the lytic cycle.