AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A linear hierarchy is one in which each animal is dominated by higher-ranking group members and, in turn, dominates lower-ranking members. Other types of dominance hierarchies are known in various primates, in herds of ungulates, and in cockroaches.

Detailed explanation-2: -Social groups are commonly structured as a dominance hierarchy based on a ranking system whereby higher-ranked individuals have better access to valuable resources such as food and mates but they also tend to assume greater responsibilities in providing leadership and maintaining order.

Detailed explanation-3: -Because dominance rankings were not comparable between the three dominance hierarchy categories-static transitive, static despotic, and dynamic-we also calculated a David’s Score (DS) as an alternative metric for characterizing dominance rank36.

Detailed explanation-4: -In hierarchically social animals, dominant individuals may exert control over others. For example, in a herd of feral goats it is a large male that is dominant and maintains discipline and coherence of the flock.

Detailed explanation-5: -Dominance ranks are determined by assigning wins and losses in dyadic agonistic interactions between same-sex individuals. Data on agonistic interactions are collected ad libitum during daily data collection, typically while the observer is simultaneously carrying out random-order focal animal sampling [53].