AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Scent marking, also known as territorial marking or spraying when this involves urination, is a behaviour used by animals to identify their territory.

Detailed explanation-2: -Aggression is defined as threats or harmful actions directed toward another individual and can include threat displays, lunging, growling, snarling, snapping, and biting. “In animals, aggressive behaviors are a means of communication."

Detailed explanation-3: -Wolf packs maintain territories in which they hunt and live. These areas are aggressively defended from all non-pack members. The male cougar has a large territory that may overlap the territories of several females but is defended against other males.

Detailed explanation-4: -Examples include forced copulation, territory defense, and competition over food. Indirect competition involves immediate aggression with potential resource re-distribution displaced in time. For instance, infanticide by males can result in a long-term increase in reproductive success.

Detailed explanation-5: -Type A: It is an ‘all-purpose territory, ’ where all activities take place. For example, mating, courtship, foraging, and nesting. Type B: It is a nesting and mating territory, except for the majority of the foraging area. Type C: It is a nesting territory that includes the nest, including a small area around it.