AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Reflex is an involuntary movement of any organ or part of the body caused due to stimulus. Reflex actions are immediately followed by a stimulus without consciousness and cannot be controlled.

Detailed explanation-2: -Those studies helped demonstrate that spinal reflexes can change with training, defined many of the complex modifications in brain and spinal cord that underlie reflex change, and established reflex training as a model for studying how circuits in the brain change with learning.

Detailed explanation-3: -Well, reflexes are functions of the nervous system, which coordinates our actions. The nervous system is the network of neurons that transmits the action potentials. The sensor and neurons are outside the spinal cord, in what is called the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Detailed explanation-4: -Reflexes can be altered by impulses from higher levels of the central nervous system. For example, the cough reflex can be suppressed easily, and even the gag reflex (the movements of incipient vomiting resulting from mechanical stimulation of the wall of the pharynx) can be suppressed with training.

Detailed explanation-5: -In a reflex action, the brain plays no part. The spinal cord, which reacts without thinking about how to respond to stimuli, is in charge of these automatic actions. It elicits no meaningful response in the brain.