AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Classical conditioning refers to learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behaviour. After the association is learned, the previously neutral stimulus is sufficient to produce the behaviour.

Detailed explanation-2: -Stimulus generalization occurs when a response that has been associated with one stimulus occurs for another stimulus that is similar is some way. For example, someone can have a negative or traumatic experience with a dog and then generalize that fear to other dogs.

Detailed explanation-3: -A neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus when used together with an unconditioned stimulus. With repeated exposures to both the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus at the same time, the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit a response known as a conditioned response.

Detailed explanation-4: -Usually, the conditioned stimulus is a neutral stimulus (e.g., the sound of a tuning fork), the unconditioned stimulus is biologically potent (e.g., the taste of food) and the unconditioned response (UR) to the unconditioned stimulus is an unlearned reflex response (e.g., salivation).

Detailed explanation-5: -Stimulus generalization occurs when a response that has been reinforced in the presence of one stimulus occurs for the first time in the presence of a structurally similar stimulus (Fields, Reeve, Adams, & Verhave, 1991; see Honig & Urcuioli, 1981, for a review).