AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -animal learning …the egg, conditioning, or by trial-and-error learning. For example, chicks might “learn” to peck before hatching as a result of the rhythmic beating of their heart, or they might have a pecking reflex and simply learn to associate a food reward with pecking at the parent’s bill.

Detailed explanation-2: -Operant Conditioning: It refers to “trial-and-error” learning, such as solving a maze.

Detailed explanation-3: -Habituation, imprinting, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive learning.

Detailed explanation-4: -Trial & Error is based on random activities to reach the goal. Thorndike’s research on animals showed that learning is a matter of connecting responses to stimuli in a very mechanical way. There is no involvement of consciousness, thinking, reasoning or understanding. The animal performs responses mechanically.