AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Genes influence each individual’s behavioral and psychological characteristics, including intellectual ability, personality, and risk for mental illness-all of which have bearing on both parents and children within a family.

Detailed explanation-2: -Phenotypic plasticity of a trait is variation of the target phenotype for a given genotype in different environments. In particular, a reaction norm characterizes plasticity by describing how the target phenotype for a specific genotype varies as a function of an environmental variable.

Detailed explanation-3: -Science tells us that the interactions between genes and environment shape human development. Despite the misconception that genes are “set in stone, ” research shows that early experiences can determine how genes are turned on and off-and even whether some are expressed at all.

Detailed explanation-4: -Epigenetics is the study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work. Unlike genetic changes, epigenetic changes are reversible and do not change your DNA sequence, but they can change how your body reads a DNA sequence.