AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Summary. Vertebrates reproduce sexually, and almost all have separate male and female sexes. Aquatic species generally have external fertilization, whereas terrestrial species u suall y have internal fertilization.

Detailed explanation-2: -Like vertebrates, most invertebrates reproduce at least partly through sexual reproduction. They produce specialized reproductive cells that undergo meiosis to produce smaller, motile spermatozoa or larger, non-motile ova. These fuse to form zygotes, which develop into new individuals.

Detailed explanation-3: -Most vertebrates and most invertebrates reproduce sexually. In asexual reproduction, one parent can produce many offspring quickly but there is not variation in the offspring’s DNA and it may not survive changes to its environment.

Detailed explanation-4: -The vast majority of invertebrates only reproduce sexually. Compared to asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction is regarded as being energetically more expensive.