AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Complete explanation: Non-flowering plants mainly reproduce through spores and vegetative propagation. Spores are microscopic spots of living material found on the undersides of the leaves.

Detailed explanation-2: -One of the major groups of gymnosperm plants is the conifer. The word “conifers” means “bearing cones.” Conifers are plants that use cones to house their seeds. Conifers are woody plants and most of them are trees such as pine trees, firs, cypresses, junipers, cedars, and redwoods. Conifers reproduce using their cones.

Detailed explanation-3: -Non-flowering plants can reproduce by spores or seeds. Plants like mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, known as ‘Bryophytes’, reproduce by spores. Bryophytes are nonvascular plants, which means they also lack roots, stems, and leaves.

Detailed explanation-4: -Gymnosperms. These seed plants do not have flowers or fruit-their seeds are held in cones. Next time you pick up a pine cone, look for loose seeds inside. Male cones make pollen, which is carried to female cones by the wind.

Detailed explanation-5: -Gymnosperms – seed plants with cones After the female gametes are fertilised by male gametes from the pollen, the female cones produce seeds, which are then scattered away from the plant by wind or animals. A kauri tree has both male and female cones.