AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The cells and molecules of innate immunity are rapidly activated by encounter with microbes or other “danger signals.” The rapidity of the response is essential because of the fast doubling time of typical bacteria.

Detailed explanation-2: -Innate Immune Signaling Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, which activates immune cell responses when cell surface TLRs detect distinct pathogen-associated molecular patterns.

Detailed explanation-3: -The inflammatory response (inflammation) occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or any other cause. The damaged cells release chemicals including histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins. These chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, causing swelling.

Detailed explanation-4: -The innate immune response consists of physical, chemical and cellular defenses against pathogens. The main purpose of the innate immune response is to immediately prevent the spread and movement of foreign pathogens throughout the body.