AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Parental care is any behaviour that contributes to offspring survival, such as building a nest, provisioning offspring with food, or defending offspring from predators.

Detailed explanation-2: -In fishes, care can be provided by the female alone (maternal or female-only care), by the father alone (pater nal or male-only care), or by both parents together or in sequence (biparental care, Figure 2).

Detailed explanation-3: -Parental care involves traits expressed by parents that are directed toward their offspring and that enhance the offspring’s fitness (development or survival). These traits often incur a cost to the parents’ own survival and reproduction.

Detailed explanation-4: -Any investment made or any effort taken by parents to take care of the young ones in order to increase the chance of survival of the offspring and hence increase the reproductive rate of success is called parental care.