AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Many invertebrates including spiders, scorpions, millipedes, centipedes, jellyfish, octopi, and even snails are quite capable of delivering a significant, and sometimes deadly, amount of toxin. The cone snail has a harpoon like projection that it uses to capture and kill prey.

Detailed explanation-2: -The best-known example of a vertebrate that uses odour for defense is the North American skunk. When threatened, skunks perform a visual warning. However, if this fails to deter a potential attacker, they produce an odorous spray from anal glands that are located on each side of the anus.

Detailed explanation-3: -Venoms are usually stored in a special gland inside the animal’s body. But, when an animal is threatened by a predator, the animal can inject the venom into the attacker with the help of a stinger, fangs or claws. Most venoms cause the predator to feel a burning pain, and some are even deadly.

Detailed explanation-4: -Glands in sea hares secrete two compounds that protect the organism from predators by reacting together to create an unpalatable mixture of hydrogen peroxide and organic chemicals. Sea snails and their cousins, sea hares, are extremely vulnerable creatures due to their soft bodies and limited maneuverability.