AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In avoidance extinction, like in Pavlovian fear extinction, subjects are repeatedly exposed to a warning conditioned stimulus (i.e. CS+) but without the AO.

Detailed explanation-2: -Generally, in passive avoidance learning experiments, the animal is put inside an apparatus with two chambers, specifically designed to encourage it to move from one area to another. Active avoidance learning involves the subject making a specified response when the warning signal is given.

Detailed explanation-3: -The theory suggests that during avoidance learning subjects develop two R-O expectancies: (1) if they perform the avoidance response, no shock will occur; and (2) if they do not perform the avoidance response, shock will occur. Subjects perform the avoidance response because they prefer no shock to shock.

Detailed explanation-4: -Avoidance conditioning, as part of classical conditioning, refers to a process in which a subject is taught to avoid “punishment” as part of a two-part process; a neutral stimulus (such as a bell or a light) that precedes the unpleasant “punishment” (such as an electric shock).