AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The dogs in his experiment would salivate in response to food, but after repeatedly pairing the presentation of food with the sound of a bell, the dogs would begin to salivate to the sound alone. In this example, the sound of the bell was the conditioned stimulus.

Detailed explanation-2: -Explanation: When Ivan Pavlov trained a dog to salivate and expect food whenever it heard a bell, he demonstrated the existence of classical conditioning. This process uses an initially neutral stimulus (a bell ringing) paired with an innate or biological stimulus (food) to elicit an innate response (salivation).

Detailed explanation-3: -Stimulus generalization is the tendency for a conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned. 8 For example, if a dog has been conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, the animal may also exhibit the same response to a sound that’s similar to the bell.

Detailed explanation-4: -Unconditioned response: dog now salivates when it anticipates a bell. Conditioning event: Pavlov blows a horn whenever he rings the bell. Conditioned stimulus: The horn comes to signify the bell, leading to salivation. Response: Dog salivates when it hears the horn, even when it doesn’t hear the bell or smell food.

Detailed explanation-5: -’ Dogs typically release saliva as a physiological response triggered by the sight or smell of food. Food is a natural stimulus, and salivation in response to food is an unconditioned response. This reflex is automatically induced without external aid, conditioning, or a previous experience.