ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
CHEMICAL SIGNALS
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Question
[CLICK ON ANY CHOICE TO KNOW THE RIGHT ANSWER]
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signaling molecules that bind to cell-surface receptor proteins
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integral proteins that bind to signaling molecules
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small molecules and ions that relay signals received by cell-surface receptor proteins
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protein kinases
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Detailed explanation-1: -Signals received by receptors at the cell surface or, in some cases, within the cell are often relayed throughout the cell via generation of small, rapidly diffusing molecules referred to as second messengers.
Detailed explanation-2: -Second messengers provide a direct connection between signaling molecules such as neurotransmitters, cytokines, and growth factors and changes in gene expression that are ultimately responsible for the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of nerve cells.
Detailed explanation-3: -Second messengers are molecules that relay signals received at receptors on the cell surface-such as the arrival of protein hormones, growth factors, etc.-to target molecules in the cytosol and/or nucleus.
Detailed explanation-4: -Examples of second messenger molecules include cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, inositol triphosphate, diacylglycerol, and calcium.
Detailed explanation-5: -Hence, these bind to the receptors present on the plasma membrane forming a hormone receptor complex. This binding generates other molecules like Ca++, cAMP etc. which act as secondary messengers. These secondary messengers drive a cascade of biochemical reactions and physiological changes in the target cell.