AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase the rate of contraction of smooth muscle of Ciona intestinalis. 2. 2. -Blocking agents such as Dibenzyline alter the contraction by themselves and also partially change the effect of epinephrine.

Detailed explanation-2: -Strong emotions such as fear or anger cause epinephrine to be released into the bloodstream, which causes an increase in heart rate, muscle strength, blood pressure, and sugar metabolism. This reaction, known as the “Flight or Fight Response” prepares the body for strenuous activity.

Detailed explanation-3: -Epinephrine binds both and adrenergic receptors to cause vasoconstriction and vasodilation. When activated, the 1 receptor triggers smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels in the skin, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, and brain, among other areas.

Detailed explanation-4: -Epinephrine potentiates muscle twitches via the second messenger, cAMP, secondary to hormone binding to membrane-bound beta-receptors. Cyclic AMP then acts to increase carbohydrate metabolism, alter sodium/potassium exchange, phosphorylate myosin isozymes, and/or alter intracellular calcium exchange.