AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Escherichia coli lives in symbiotic association in human intestine. They produces large quantities of vitamin K and B in human intestine.

Detailed explanation-2: -Besides Bacillus and LAB, other bacteria also produce vitamin K. Flavobacterium meningosepticum is one of the menaquinone-producing bacteria (Table 1) [69].

Detailed explanation-3: -Sources of Vitamin K However, the chief source of vitamin K is synthesis by bacteria in the large intestine, and in most cases, absence of dietary vitamin K is not at all deleterious. Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin and both dietary and microbial vitamin K are absorbed into intestinal lymph along with other lipids.

Detailed explanation-4: -A lot of studies indicated the potential relationship between microbiome and the vitamin K antagonist. Vitamin K is absorbed by the gut, and the intestinal bacteria are a major source of vitamin K in human body.

Detailed explanation-5: -Probiotic bacteria, members of the gut microbiota, are able to synthesize vitamin K and most of the water‐soluble B vitamins, such as biotin, cobalamin, folates, nicotinic acid, panthotenic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and thiamine, in humans [6].