AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Bile acid synthesis generates bile flow and biliary secretion of bile acids, phospholipids, cholesterol, drugs, and toxic metabolites. Cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) are the major primary bile acids synthesized in human livers, and are conjugated with taurine or glycine for secretion into bile.

Detailed explanation-2: -Bile is formed by filtration in response to osmotic gradients created by the transport of osmotically active solutes into the bile canalicular lumen. Water and small solutes enter the biliary space passively via solvent drag (514).

Detailed explanation-3: -Bile acid synthesis in mammals and birds occurs in the liver and is the primary pathway in the metabolism of cholesterol, which is the precursor molecule for bile acid synthesis. Bile acids are conjugated in the liver, to glycine or taurine, to inhibit intestinal bile acid resorption and promote lipid metabolism.

Detailed explanation-4: -Bile salt synthesis is a unique and vital function of the liver for all vertebrates. Bile salts are excreted into the intestinal lumen, where they solubilize fatty acids in mixed micelles and thus facilitate the absorption of lipid-soluble vitamins (1).