AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A flame cell is a specialized excretory cell found in the simplest freshwater invertebrates, including flatworms (Platyhelminthes). They function as a kidney, removing waste materials.

Detailed explanation-2: -Flame cells are excretory structures found in Platyhelminthes, Rotifers, some annelids, and Amphioxus, a cephalochordate. Flame cells remove waste materials in the same way that a kidney does. The flame cell has a nucleated cell body with a ‘cup-shaped’ protrusion and flagella that cover the cup’s inner surface.

Detailed explanation-3: -A flame cell is a specialized excretory cell found in the simplest freshwater invertebrates such as flatworms. Flame cells function like a kidney and removes waste materials. Bundles of flame cells are called protonephridia. The function of these cells is to regulate the osmotic pressure and maintains ionic balance.

Detailed explanation-4: -Flame cells are called the excretory organs in members of phylum Platyhelminthes, which are commonly called helminths and Malpighian tubules are the excretory organs in members of phylum Arthropoda with other insects.

Detailed explanation-5: -These are the excretory structures in Platyhelminthes, rotifers, some annelids. The main function of flame cells is osmoregulation and excretion. Just like kidneys they help filtration of wastes.