AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -First of all flame cells were developed as excretory cells phylum Platyhelminthes . So these most primitive types of excretory organs, are called protonephridia. These cells are irregular-shaped and hollow with pseudopodia processes. Cilia are also found in these, which keep moving all the time.

Detailed explanation-2: -A flame cell is a specialized excretory cell found in the simplest freshwater invertebrates, including flatworms, rotifers and nemerteans; these are the simplest animals to have a dedicated excretory system. Flame cells function like a kidney, removing waste materials. Bundles of flame cells are called protonephridia.

Detailed explanation-3: -Excretory System Organs. The primary excretory organs in the human body are the kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder, involved with the creation and expulsion of urine. Through these organs, much of the nitrogenous waste of the body, especially urea, is expelled.

Detailed explanation-4: -Flame cells are found in flatworms, including parasitic tapeworms and free-living planaria. They also maintain the organism’s osmotic balance. Figure 22.10. In the excretory system of the (a) planaria, cilia of flame cells propel waste through a tubule formed by a tube cell.

Detailed explanation-5: -A flame cell is a specialized excretory cell found in planaria. Flame cells function like a kidney and removes waste materials. Bundles of flame cells are called protonephridia. The function of these cells is to regulate the osmotic pressure of the worm and maintain its ionic balance.