AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -This process is called ultrafiltration; the resulting fluid, virtually free of large proteins and blood cells, is referred to as glomerular filtrate, or ultrafiltrate. Further modification of ultrafiltrate, by reabsorption and secretion, transforms it into urine.

Detailed explanation-2: -Since the glomerulus is only able to filter out fluid and tiny molecules, the main substances filtered out by it are excess water, salts, glucose and urea. These substances are then passed on to Bowman’s capsule that surrounds the glomerulus.

Detailed explanation-3: -Protein-free fluid is filtered from blood plasma into the Bowmans capsule.

Detailed explanation-4: -The answer is that the endothelial cells’ layer of the glomerulus’ arterioles are fenestriated or porus(having holes). Thus these holes can allow certain components of blood i.e ions, proteins, glucose molecules and blood cells to pass through them.

Detailed explanation-5: -The process of ultrafiltration occurs in the nephrons of the kidneys. The process can be described as follows: Blood flows through the glomerulus that is surrounded by the Bowman’s capsule. The hydrostatic pressure forces the small molecules to leave the glomerulus and enter in the Bowman’s capsule.