AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Urbanization increases surface runoff by creating more impervious surfaces such as pavement and buildings that do not allow percolation of the water down through the soil to the aquifer.

Detailed explanation-2: -Human activities can affect runoff In addition to increasing imperviousness, removal of vegetation and soil, grading the land surface, and constructing drainage networks increase runoff volumes and shorten runoff time into streams from rainfall and snowmelt.

Detailed explanation-3: -As the slope of the land increases, runoff increases. As the permeability of the ground increases, runoff decreases. As the degree of saturation increases, runoff increases. As long as precipitation rates exceed infiltration rates, runoff will occur.

Detailed explanation-4: -When rainfall is greater than soil infiltration rate, surface runoff occurs. Factors affecting runoff include rainfall intensity, slope, soil water storage capacity, and infiltration rate [12].

Detailed explanation-5: -Surface runoff is water, from rain, snowmelt, or other sources, that flows over the land surface, and is a major component of the water cycle.