ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
OSMOREGULATION
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Question
[CLICK ON ANY CHOICE TO KNOW THE RIGHT ANSWER]
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Autonomic and endocrine reflex and thirst-and sodium appetite-related behaviors
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Osmoregulation can be done through the skin, gills, and digestive tract
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The cilia so when it beats fluid goes into the bladder and out the body.
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The kidney to extract wastes and produce urea
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Detailed explanation-1: -Osmoreceptors controlling thirst are located in systemic viscera and in central structures that lack the blood-brain barrier. Angiotensin and aldosterone act on and through structures of the lamina terminalis and the amygdala to stimulate thirst and sodium appetite under conditions of hypovolemia.
Detailed explanation-2: -The neural circuit that controls thirst The subfornical organ (SFO) and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) directly sense circulating factors and, along with the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), integrate this information and communicate with downstream brain regions.
Detailed explanation-3: -The Hypothalamus Detects Blood Osmolality Osmoreceptors (specialized protein receptors) in the hypothalamus detect sodium concentration in the blood. In response to a high sodium level, the hypothalamus activates the thirst mechanism and concurrently stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone.
Detailed explanation-4: -An increased osmolality draws water from cells into the blood thus dehydrating specific brain osmoreceptors that stimulate drinking and release of anti diuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin). ADH reduces water loss via lowered urine volume.