AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Sporulation. In some multicellular organ-isms, such as bread mold, specialized cells called spores are produced in large numbers by mitosis. This process is called sporulation. Spores are generally surrounded by a tough coat that enables them to survive harsh environmental conditions.

Detailed explanation-2: -A spore is an asexual reproductive body, surrounded by a hard protective cover to withstand unfavourable conditions such as high temperature and low humidity. Under favourable conditions, the spores germinate and grow into new plants. Plants like moss and ferns use this mode of reproduction.

Detailed explanation-3: -For example, sexual reproduction allows for variation, but gestation usually takes a long time and it requires heavy parental input. Asexual reproduction occurs quickly, but because all of the offspring have the same genetic information, individuals are more susceptible to disease.

Detailed explanation-4: -Asexual reproduction includes fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis, while sexual reproduction is achieved through the combination of reproductive cells from two individuals.