AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -First, PSCs are differentiated into neural progenitor cells (NPCs) by embryoid body formation or dual SMAD inhibition (Chambers et al., 2009). After that, NPCs are directed into specific neurons by a combination of signaling molecules (Tabar and Studer, 2014; Tao and Zhang, 2016).

Detailed explanation-2: -Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are similar to ESC and have the ability to differentiate into cells of mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm lineages.

Detailed explanation-3: -In early pregnancy, the blastocyst stage continues for about 5 days before the embryo implants in the uterus, or womb. At this stage, stem cells begin to differentiate. Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into more cell types than adult stem cells.

Detailed explanation-4: -Cellular differentiation is a fundamental process in which one cell type changes into one or more specialized cell types. Cellular differentiation starts at the beginning of embryonic development when a simple zygote begins to transform into a complex multicellular organism composed of various cell and tissue types.