AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A covalent bond consists of the mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms.

Detailed explanation-2: -If atoms have similar electronegativities (the same affinity for electrons), covalent bonds are most likely to occur. Because both atoms have the same affinity for electrons and neither has a tendency to donate them, they share electrons in order to achieve octet configuration and become more stable.

Detailed explanation-3: -Although it is said that atoms share electrons when they form covalent bonds, they do not usually share the electrons equally.

Detailed explanation-4: -Answer and Explanation: Ionic bonds transfer electrons in order to create a bond. It is the valence electrons of an atom, or electrons in the outer shell that are involved in bonding. Atoms bond with each other in order to become stable.