AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The process of ATP synthesis using ‘free energy’ obtained when electrons are passed to several carriers (ETC) is known as chemiosmosis. The actual point of the synthesis of ATP takes place when electrons pass the inner mitochondrial membrane. Energy is released within this process, resulting in the synthesis of ATP.

Detailed explanation-2: -Carrier mediated diffusion exchanges ATP and ADP between the matrix and the intermembrane space. Then ATP and ADP are exchanged between the intermembrane space and the cytosol by diffusion.

Detailed explanation-3: -Hydrogen ions in the matrix space can only pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane through a membrane protein called ATP synthase. As protons move through ATP synthase, ADP is turned into ATP. The production of ATP using the process of chemiosmosis in mitochondria is called oxidative phosphorylation.

Detailed explanation-4: -The correct answer is (c) H+ ion. The electrons move around in the electron transport pathway in order to produce energy so that H+ ions (i.e. protons) can be pumped across the membrane (from the intermembrane space to the matrix).