AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Vitamin C is used as a coenzyme in hydroxylation reactions, such as in the hydroxylation of prolyl and lysyl residues of collagen. It is required for the maintenance of normal connective tissue as well as for wound healing. Vitamin C assists in the absorption of dietary iron by reducing ferric iron to the ferrous form.

Detailed explanation-2: -Pantothenic acid (PA) is a B vitamin that is a component of coenzyme A (Figure 2). Coenzyme A is necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, and other biomolecules. As a cofactor of the acyl carrier protein, pantothenic acid participates in the synthesis of fatty acids. (See OSTEOPOROSIS.)

Detailed explanation-3: -Vitamin C is vital for the normal synthesis of collagen, L-carnitine, catecholamines, and proteins. This essential vitamin acts as a cofactor to the mixed-function oxidase enzymes that catalyze these chemical pathways.

Detailed explanation-4: -Ascorbic acid is an electron donor and acts as a cofactor for fifteen mammalian enzymes. Two sodium-dependent transporters are specific for ascorbic acid, and its oxidation product dehydroascorbic acid is transported by glucose transporters.

Detailed explanation-5: -Most of the B vitamins have been recognized as coenzymes (substances that participate with enzymes in accelerating the interconversion of chemical compounds), and they all appear to be essential in facilitating the metabolic processes of all forms of animal life.