AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -ATP synthase is the enzyme that makes ATP by chemiosmosis. It allows protons to pass through the membrane and uses the free energy difference to phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate (ADP), making ATP. The generation of ATP by chemiosmosis occurs in mitochondria and chloroplasts, as well as in most bacteria and archaea.

Detailed explanation-2: -The process of ATP synthesis using ‘free energy’ obtained when electrons are passed to several carriers (ETC) is known as chemiosmosis. The actual point of the synthesis of ATP takes place when electrons pass the inner mitochondrial membrane. Energy is released within this process, resulting in the synthesis of ATP.

Detailed explanation-3: -The ATP synthase (F1-ATPase) is attached to the Fo protein on the inside of the matrix. ATP synthase uses the protons flowing into the matrix to bind ADP and Pi and release ATP. The F1-ATPase is named by the reverse reaction it catalyzes when it is isolated from mitochondria and thus uncoupled from the proton gradient.

Detailed explanation-4: -First, the molecules NADH and FADH2, obtained from the citric acid cycle, pass electrons down an electron transport chain, which releases energy. This energy allows protons (H+) to travel down a proton gradient via chemiosmosis. This in turn provides the energy for the enzyme ATP synthase to make ATP.

Detailed explanation-5: -After an ATP molecule has been used to do work (i.e. it has released its energy), it is converted into adenosine diphosphate (ADP).