AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Cold temperatures do not denature enzymes because cold does not cause chemical bonds to break. Enzymes are suited to function best within a certain temperature, pH, and salt concentration range. In addition to high temperatures, extreme pH and salt concentrations can cause enzymes to denature.

Detailed explanation-2: -Enzymes are also subject to cold denaturation, leading to the loss of enzyme activity at low temperatures [11]. This phenomenon is thought to occur through the hydration of polar and non-polar groups of proteins [12], a process thermodynamically favoured at low temperatures.

Detailed explanation-3: -Answer and Explanation: The correct answer: The factor which does NOT affect enzyme activity is d. Free Energy.

Detailed explanation-4: -Enzymes are protein molecules that get denatured at high temperatures. High heat breaks hydrogen and ionic bonds leading to disruption in enzyme shape. The enzyme loses its activity and can no longer bind to the substrate.

Detailed explanation-5: -Lower temperatures lead to slower chemical reactions. Enzymes will eventually become inactive at freezing temperatures but will restore most of their enzyme activity when temperatures increase again, while some enzymes lose their activity when frozen.