AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Methods of determination of configuration of geometrical isomers:-Melting point:-In general, the melting point of a trans isomer is higher than that of the corresponding cis isomer.

Detailed explanation-2: -There are 2 types of geometric isomers, ‘cis’ and ‘trans’.-cis isomers: when similar groups are present on the same side of the double bonds, then they are termed as cis.-trans isomers: when similar groups are present on the opposite sides of the double bonds then they are called trans isomers.

Detailed explanation-3: -Presently, the standard methods for determining the relative or absolute configuration of organic molecules are X-ray crystallography, chemical synthesis and NMR spectroscopy.

Detailed explanation-4: -Two main forms of isomerism are structural or constitutional isomerism, in which bonds between the atoms differ; and stereoisomerism or spatial isomerism, in which the bonds are the same but the relative positions of the atoms differ.