AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The pH meter measures the acidity of a solution. It is a scientific instrument that uses electrodes to measure the hydrogen ion (proton) concentration of water-based solutions.

Detailed explanation-2: -To calculate the specific pH of a given buffer, you need to use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for acidic buffers: “pH = pKa + log10([A-]/[HA]), ” where Ka is the “dissociation constant” for the weak acid, [A-] is the concentration of conjugate base and [HA] is the concentration of the weak acid.

Detailed explanation-3: -A buffer is a solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic components. It is able to neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, thus maintaining the pH of the solution relatively stable.

Detailed explanation-4: -A pH meter is an instrument used to measure hydrogen ion activity in solutions-in other words, this instrument measures acidity/alkalinity of a solution.

Detailed explanation-5: -Buffers readily absorb excess H+ or OH–, keeping the pH of the body carefully maintained in the aforementioned narrow range. Carbon dioxide is part of a prominent buffer system in the human body; it keeps the pH within the proper range. This buffer system involves carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate (HCO3–) anion.