AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Electron pairs shared between atoms of equal or very similar electronegativity constitute a nonpolar covalent bond (e.g., H–H or C–H), while electrons shared between atoms of unequal electronegativity constitute a polar covalent bond (e.g., H–O).

Detailed explanation-2: -A covalent bond consists of the mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms. These electrons are simultaneously attracted by the two atomic nuclei. A covalent bond forms when the difference between the electronegativities of two atoms is too small for an electron transfer to occur to form ions.

Detailed explanation-3: -Introduction. Only when two atoms of the same element form a covalent bond are the shared electrons actually shared equally between the atoms.

Detailed explanation-4: -This type of a covalent bond where electrons are shared equally between two atoms is called a non-polar covalent bond.

Detailed explanation-5: -A covalent bond is formed by equal sharing of electrons from both the participating atoms. The pair of electrons participating in this type of bonding is called shared pair or bonding pair. The covalent bonds are also termed as molecular bonds.