AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -An oxygen atom is much more electronegative than carbon or hydrogen atoms, so both carbon-oxygen and hydrogen-oxygen bonds are polar. The oxygen atom is slightly negatively charged, and the carbon and hydrogen atoms are slightly positively charged.

Detailed explanation-2: -An oxygen atom has eight electrons with a total charge of-8. The oxygen nucleus has a charge of +8, therefore.

Detailed explanation-3: -The element oxygen has six valence electrons. To fill up the valence shell the oxygen atom needs two more electrons. As every electron has a single negative charge, adding two more electrons gives oxygen ion a charge of 2 .

Detailed explanation-4: -Oxygen has an electron arrangement of (2, 6) and needs to gain two electrons to fill the n=2 energy level and achieve an octet of electrons in the outermost shell. The oxide ion will have a charge of 2− as a result of gaining two electrons.

Detailed explanation-5: -A molecule is said to have a positive oxygen balance if it contains more oxygen than is needed and a negative oxygen balance if it contains less oxygen than is needed.