AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Base: A solution that has an excess of OH-ions. Another word for base is alkali.

Detailed explanation-2: -Addition of an excess base to a solution of sodium hydroxide means an addition of more hydroxide ions (OH−). This will increase the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH−).

Detailed explanation-3: -The concentration of (OH−) Hydroxide ions increases when the excessive base is added to the solution of Sodium Hydroxide as the base itself dissociates to give out OH− ions which increases their concentration per unit volume.

Detailed explanation-4: -Hydroxide is a diatomic anion with chemical formula OH−. It consists of an oxygen and hydrogen atom held together by a single covalent bond, and carries a negative electric charge. It is an important but usually minor constituent of water. It functions as a base, a ligand, a nucleophile, and a catalyst.

Detailed explanation-5: -Actually acids are dissolved in water to form the solution. Now water will also ionize to small extent as it is a weak electrolyte. The OH-ion released by water will remain in the solution. Therefore an acidic solution always contain some OH-ions in it.