AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Without functioning p53, cell proliferation is not regulated. As a result, cells accumulate DNA damage and continue to divide in an uncontrolled way, leading to tumor growth.

Detailed explanation-2: -Mutations (changes) in the p53 gene may cause cancer cells to grow and spread in the body. These changes have been found in a genetic condition called Li-Fraumeni syndrome and in many types of cancer. The p53 gene is a type of tumor suppressor gene.

Detailed explanation-3: -P53 is a key tumor suppressor protein. In response to DNA damage, p53 accumulates to high levels in differentiated cells and activates target genes that initiate cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Since stem cells provide the proliferative cell pool within organisms, an efficient DNA damage response is crucial.

Detailed explanation-4: -p53 may modulate DNA repair through processes, which are independent of its transactivation function. p53 is actively transported between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Furthermore, p53 translocate to mitochondria [26]. p53 can directly interact with DNA repair related cellular factors [27].

Detailed explanation-5: -But too much p53 suppresses cell-cycle progression, causing cell death, premature aging and even cancer."