AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Changes to short stretches of nucleotides are called gene-level mutations, because these mutations affect the specific genes that provide instructions for various functional molecules, including proteins. Changes in these molecules can have an impact on any number of an organism’s physical characteristics.

Detailed explanation-2: -Deletion mutations remove one or more DNA bases. Unless they happen in multiples of 3 bases, insertions and deletions shift the reading frame-which is why they’re also called frameshift mutations. A frameshift changes the grouping of bases into codons, affecting all the amino acids downstream of the mutation.

Detailed explanation-3: -One type of frameshift mutation is called insertion. As the name implies, an insertion occurs when a single nitrogen base is accidentally added in the middle of a sequence.

Detailed explanation-4: -When do genetic mutations happen? Genetic mutations occur during cell division when your cells divide and replicate. There are two types of cell division: Mitosis: The process of making new cells for your body.