AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the potential to give rise to offspring cells that grow and differentiate into neurons and glial cells (non-neuronal cells that insulate neurons and enhance the speed at which neurons send signals). For years it was thought that the brain was a closed, fixed system.

Detailed explanation-2: -Stem cells are a type of cell that can differentiate into a variety of specialized cell types, making them vital for developing, maintaining, and repairing tissues and organs. They are characterized by their ability to self-renew, meaning they can divide indefinitely and maintain their stem cell properties.

Detailed explanation-3: -Adult NSCs differentiate into new neurons within the adult subventricular zone (SVZ), a remnant of the embryonic germinal neuroepithelium, as well as the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.

Detailed explanation-4: -Stem cell differentiation involves the changing of a cell to a more specialized cell type, involving a switch from proliferation to specialization. This involves a succession of alterations in cell morphology, membrane potential, metabolic activity and responsiveness to certain signals.

Detailed explanation-5: -The most common brain cells are neurons and non-neuron cells called glia. The average adult human brain contains approximately 100 billion neurons, and just as many-if not more-glia. Although neurons are the most famous brain cells, both neurons and glial cells are necessary for proper brain function.