AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Carcinogenesis, also called oncogenesis or tumorigenesis, is the formation of a cancer, whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. The process is characterized by changes at the cellular, genetic, and epigenetic levels and abnormal cell division.

Detailed explanation-2: -Mutations can happen by chance when a cell is dividing. Some mutations mean that the cell no longer understands its instructions. It can start to grow out of control. There have to be about 6 different mutations before a normal cell turns into a cancer cell.

Detailed explanation-3: -Carcinogenesis can be divided conceptually into four steps: tumor initiation, tumor promotion, malignant conversion, and tumor progression (Figure 17-1). The distinction between initiation and promotion was recognized through studies involving both viruses and chemical carcinogens.

Detailed explanation-4: -(KAR-sih-noh-JEH-neh-sis) The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.

Detailed explanation-5: -Carcinogenesis or oncogenesis is the process by which normal cells transform into cancerous, or malignant, cells. Development of cancer is a complex process that, despite decades of research, we still do not completely understand.