AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -For example, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a family cancer syndrome caused by certain inherited changes in the APC gene. People with FAP have a very high chance of developing colorectal cancer at an early age and are also at risk of developing other kinds of cancer.

Detailed explanation-2: -About 5 to 10 percent of cancers are thought to be hereditary. In these cases, an individual inherits a copy of a growth control gene with a mutation from one parent, and a working copy of the same gene from the other parent.

Detailed explanation-3: -Oncogenes are mutated genes that cause cells to grow out of control and can lead to cancer. Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that control cell growth but if they become mutated they can turn into oncogenes. Proto-oncogenes and oncogenes act like on/off switches. A proto-oncogene is usually switched off.

Detailed explanation-4: -The genes ATM, PALB2, and CHEK2 may increase the risk for several types of cancer, including breast, ovarian, colon, prostate, and pancreatic.

Detailed explanation-5: -Hereditary mutations include cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and sickle cell disease. Other mutations can happen on their own during a person’s life. These are called sporadic, spontaneous, or new mutations. They affect only some cells.