AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that slow down cell division or tell cells to die at the right time (a process known as apoptosis or programmed cell death).

Detailed explanation-2: -Normal Function. The TP53 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53 (or p53). This protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it regulates cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing (proliferating) too fast or in an uncontrolled way.

Detailed explanation-3: -Such genes may be rendered dysfunctional through multiple mechanisms during the oncogenic process. These include mutation, deletion, genetic rearrangement, and epigenetic silencing of transcription. Some TSGs, such as the classic tumor suppressor TP53, are primarily inactivated through mutation.

Detailed explanation-4: -A tumor suppressor gene encodes a protein that acts to regulate cell division, keeping it in check. When a tumor suppressor gene is inactivated by a mutation, the protein it encodes is not produced or does not function properly, and as a result, uncontrolled cell division may occur.