AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Mutations result either from accidents during the normal chemical transactions of DNA, often during replication, or from exposure to high-energy electromagnetic radiation (e.g., ultraviolet light or X-rays) or particle radiation or to highly reactive chemicals in the environment.

Detailed explanation-2: -Mutations can result from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection. Germline mutations (that occur in eggs and sperm) can be passed on to offspring, while somatic mutations (that occur in body cells) are not passed on.

Detailed explanation-3: -Mutations: ↑ Changes in an organism’s DNA sequence that may or may not alter proteins. Inherited Mutations: ↑ A mutation that is passed down from the mother or the father. Acquired Mutations: ↑ A mutation that is caused by environmental factors and does not affect cells passed down to future offspring.

Detailed explanation-4: -Other common mutation examples in humans are Angelman syndrome, Canavan disease, color blindness, cri-du-chat syndrome, cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, haemochromatosis, haemophilia, Klinefelter syndrome, phenylketonuria, Prader–Willi syndrome, Tay–Sachs disease, and Turner syndrome.