AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Mitochondria are pivotal in the control of apoptosis, being involved not only in the intrinsic but also in the extrinsic pathway.

Detailed explanation-2: -Morphologically, necrotic cells characteristically demonstrate by swelling of organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, the rupture of the plasma membrane, and the lysis of the cell.

Detailed explanation-3: -Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs during necrosis typically because of prolonged opening of the MPTP, which leads to inner membrane depolarization and loss of ATP production, swelling of the organelle, and the production of ROS.

Detailed explanation-4: -Apoptosis is mediated by proteolytic enzymes called caspases, which trigger cell death by cleaving specific proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Caspases exist in all cells as inactive precursors, or procaspases, which are usually activated by cleavage by other caspases, producing a proteolytic caspase cascade.