AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -These basic hallmark capabilities, distinct and supplementary, are: (1) sustaining proliferative signaling; (2) evading growth suppressors; (3) enabling replicative immortality; (4) activating invasion and metastasis; (5) inducing angiogenesis and (6) resisting cell death.

Detailed explanation-2: -Germline mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes increase a woman’s risk of developing hereditary breast or ovarian cancers and a man’s risk of developing hereditary prostate or breast cancers. They also increase the risk of pancreatic cancer and melanoma in women and men.

Detailed explanation-3: -The Fourth Hallmark of Cancer is defined as “Limitless Replicative Potential". The first three Hallmarks of Cancer explain how independence from growth signals, insensitivity to antigrowth signals and resistance to apoptosis lead to the uncoupling of a cell’s growth program from the signals in its environment.