AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A duplication occurs when a stretch of one or more nucleotides in a gene is copied and repeated next to the original DNA sequence. This type of variant may alter the function of the protein made from the gene.

Detailed explanation-2: -Mutations can be of many types, such as substitution, deletion, insertion, and translocation.

Detailed explanation-3: -Duplication Duplication, as related to genomics, refers to a type of mutation in which one or more copies of a DNA segment (which can be as small as a few bases or as large as a major chromosomal region) is produced. Duplications occur in all organisms.

Detailed explanation-4: -Mutations result either from errors in DNA replication or from the damaging effects of mutagens, such as chemicals and radiation, which react with DNA and change the structures of individual nucleotides. All cells possess DNA-repair enzymes that attempt to minimize the number of mutations that occur (Section 14.2).

Detailed explanation-5: -Substitution – when one or more bases in the sequence is replaced by the same number of bases (for example, a cytosine? substituted for an adenine?).