AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Phosphorylation is carried out by enzymes known as phosphotransferases or kinases. A phosphotransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group. A phosphotransferase that transfers a phosphate group from ATP to a substrate is known as a kinase.

Detailed explanation-2: -The ATP synthase is a mitochondrial enzyme localized in the inner membrane, where it catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate, driven by a flux of protons across a gradient generated by electron transfer from the proton chemically positive to the negative side.

Detailed explanation-3: -Oxidative phosphorylation is the process where energy is harnessed through a series of protein complexes embedded in the inner-membrane of mitochondria (called the electron transport chain and ATP synthase) to create ATP.

Detailed explanation-4: -The proton gradient produced by proton pumping during the electron transport chain is used to synthesize ATP. Protons flow down their concentration gradient into the matrix through the membrane protein ATP synthase, causing it to spin (like a water wheel) and catalyze conversion of ADP to ATP.

Detailed explanation-5: -Phosphorylation can occur on several subunits of the mitochondrial F1Fo ATP synthase, including five specific sites on the subunit found in pharmacological preconditioning.