AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The mitochondrial genome contains 37 genes that encode 13 proteins, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs. The 13 mitochondrial gene-encoded proteins all instruct cells to produce protein subunits of the enzyme complexes of the oxidative phosphorylation system, which enables mitochondria to act as the powerhouses of our cells.

Detailed explanation-2: -In these cells, the corresponding number of active ATP synthases per mitochondrion ranges from 5000 to just about a hundred. The absolute total number of ATP synthase molecules per mitochondrion, regardless of their activity status, can be up to two orders of magnitudes higher.

Detailed explanation-3: -ATP synthases are classified as F (Phosphorylation Factor), V (Vacuole), A (Archaea), P (Proton) or E (Extracellular) ATPases based on their functional differences, although they all catalyze ATP synthesis and/or hydrolysis.

Detailed explanation-4: -ATP is also formed from the process of cellular respiration in the mitochondria of a cell. This can be through aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen, or anaerobic respiration, which does not. Aerobic respiration produces ATP (along with carbon dioxide and water) from glucose and oxygen.